Transaction Search Form: please type in any of the fields below.
Date: April 29, 2024 Mon
Time: 8:57 pm
Time: 8:57 pm
Results for career criminals
11 results foundAuthor: Vancouver (Canada) Police Department. Planning, Research & Audit Section Title: Assessing Sentencing Across Criminal Careers: An Examination of VPD's Chronic Offenders Summary: This report examines the sentencing patterns of a sample of offenders being monitored by the Vancouver Police Department’s (VPD) Chronic Offenders Program (COP), and further draws attention to the issues surrounding the most prolific offenders in Vancouver by highlighting three case studies. This report analyzes for the first time, the sentences handed down to a sample of the most chronic offenders over the course of their criminal careers. The vast majority of Canadians assume that the more frequently an offender is convicted, the longer the sentence should be, but this does not generally appear to be the case. In fact, evidence shows that after 30 or more convictions the sentence actually decreases. Details: Vancouver, BC: Vancouver Police Department, 2008. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2011 at: http://vancouver.ca/police/media/2008/ChronicsSentencing.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Canada URL: http://vancouver.ca/police/media/2008/ChronicsSentencing.pdf Shelf Number: 120700 Keywords: Career CriminalsChronic OffendersSentencing (Canada) |
Author: Christoffersen, Mogens Mygaard Title: An Upbringing to Violence? Identifying the likelihood of violent crime among the 1966 birth cohort in Denmark Summary: Why do some boys develop into troublesome youth who eventually get sentenced for a violent crime? In planning a strategy to fight violent crime it would be useful to know if altering the conditions of children's upbringing and the ways we treat children generally could contribute to a reduction in the incidence of violent behaviour that leads to convictions among adolescents and young men. In this study information from population-based registers covers various aspects both for children, aged between 15 and 27 years, and their parents: health (mental and physical), education, social networks, family violence, self-destructive behaviour, parental alcohol or drug abuse, and unemployment. Details: Copenhagen: The Danish National Institute of Social Research, 2002. 18p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 5:2002: Accessed July 9, 2013 at: http://www.sfi.dk/publications-4844.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=352&PID=10056 Year: 2002 Country: Denmark URL: http://www.sfi.dk/publications-4844.aspx?Action=1&NewsId=352&PID=10056 Shelf Number: 129339 Keywords: Career CriminalsJuvenile OffendersJuvenile to Adult Criminal Careers (Denmark) |
Author: Francis, Brian Title: Understanding Criminal Careers in Organised Crime Summary: Organised crime is a dangerous and constantly evolving global phenomenon (Europol, 2011). In recent years the Home Office has made considerable efforts to combat this threat under the auspices of its national strategy Local to Global: Reducing the Risk from Organised Crime (HM Government, 2011). A significant gap in the UK evidence base on organised crime is around the offending careers of serious and organised criminals. - provide a profile of the characteristics of offenders involved in organised crime in England and Wales; The aim of this study is to increase understanding of the criminal careers of organised offenders and, in doing so, inform the development of policy and law enforcement responses. The research aims to: - chart the criminal careers of organised crime offenders; and - establish whether offence-based risk factors can be identified that may support early identification of organised crime offenders. Details: London: Home Office, 2013. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Home Office Research Report 74: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246392/horr74.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246392/horr74.pdf Shelf Number: 131656 Keywords: Career CriminalsCriminal CareersCriminal HistoriesCriminal TrajectoriesOrganized Crime (U.K.)Risk Analysis |
Author: Giles, Christopher M.H. Title: The Criminal Careers of Chronic Offences in Vancouver, British Columbia Summary: Typically, research on "chronic offenders" employs a cohort design with general population or higher risk samples. These designs tend to include a small number of high frequency offenders. This dissertation examines the conviction histories of 152 pre-identified high frequency offenders who are supervised by the Chronic Offenders Program (COP) at the Vancouver Police Department in Vancouver, British Columbia. The lifetime conviction histories and other background variables of the 152 offenders were coded from official police data repositories to examine the parameters from the criminal career paradigm. The results indicate that the COP offenders participate in many types of less serious and serious crime. They have long average criminal careers with an average of 47 total convictions accrued in their lifetimes. Moreover, the age of onset of the COP sample is in the late teens and early adulthood and they typically start offending with a property crime. The analysis of age-crime curves of the COP offenders indicates that their offending increases significantly after the typical drop in the mid to late twenties. The analysis of three lambda estimates shows that the COP offenders have high yearly conviction rates. Moreover, the inclusion of incapacitation time in the estimate of lambda has important ramifications for both the lambda score and the distribution of scores. The analysis of lambda over time shows that it is not constant over time. The multivariate models predicting lifetime lambda scores indicate that lambda estimates for total convictions are positively influenced by ethnicity and residential instability. In contrast, the models predicting serious conviction lambdas show that ethnicity is positively related, while age of onset and gender are inversely related to these estimates of lambda. The analysis of specialization, using the diversity index, shows that COP offenders as a group are not specialized over the life course. However, an analysis of diversity over time indicates that COP offenders become less versatile as they age. Tobit regressions predicting lifetime diversity scores indicate that females are more specialized than males and that age of onset is positively related to specialization. The significance of the results to research and DLC theory is discussed. Details: Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University, School of Criminology, 2011. 256p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed April 22, 2014 at: http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12071 Year: 2011 Country: Canada URL: http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12071 Shelf Number: 132111 Keywords: Career CriminalsChronic OffendersHabitual Offenders |
Author: Owen, Natalie Title: The Start of a Criminal Career: Does the Type of Debut Offence Predict Future Offending? Summary: The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between an offender's debut offence and their future offending. A debut offence was defined as the offence for which an offender received their first caution or conviction (first proven offence). The study specifically looked at whether the type of debut offence committed predicted future chronic or serious offending careers, and whether the type of debut offence and subsequent re-offending had changed over time. This report builds on research from Sweden (Svensson, 2002) that showed that offenders who committed robbery or vehicle theft as their debut offence were at the greatest risk of becoming chronic offenders eight years later. Identifying and targeting offenders who are most likely to become one of the small group of chronic offenders responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime, at an early stage of their criminal career, is a promising approach to crime prevention. Details: London: Home Office, 2013. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Research Report 77: Accessed May 12, 2014 at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/261222/horr77.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United Kingdom URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/261222/horr77.pdf Shelf Number: 132326 Keywords: Career CriminalsChronic Offenders (U.K.)Juvenile to Adult Criminal Careers |
Author: Nelson, Paul Title: Characteristics of prolific offenders in NSW Summary: Aim: To examine the frequency of contacts (police cautions, youth justice conferences, or finalised court appearances at which one or more offences were proven) with the criminal justice system by offenders in New South Wales; and, to identify prolific offenders and non-prolific offenders (NPO), compare their characteristics, and model their risk of recidivism. Method: Demographic, criminal history and recidivism data for the cohort of offenders with one or more contacts during 2011 were extracted from BOCSAR's Re-offending Database. Logistic regression was used to model prolific offending and violent recidivism, Cox regression was used to model time to offence, and negative binomial regression was used to model recidivism rate. Results: Most offenders in this 2011 cohort had no contacts in the 2 years prior to their index contact. Prolific offenders (defined as offenders with at least four contacts in the past 2 years) comprised 1.7 per cent of the cohort but accounted for 16.8 per cent of the cohort's contacts in the past 2 years. Males, offenders aged under 18, Indigenous offenders, and offenders who were in prison/detention at their index contact were significantly more likely to be prolific offenders (compared with females, older offenders, non-Indigenous offenders and offenders who were not in prison). The strongest correlates of prolific offending were younger age and CJS contacts in the 8 years prior to the period used to define prolific offending. Prolific offending had a significant but modest impact on all three recidivism outcomes, along with several other factors. Conclusion: Prolific offenders were found to make a disproportionate contribution to the total volume of offending and recidivism. This is consistent with prior research and suggests that this group warrants intensive intervention. However, much of the variance in recidivism was explained by risk factors other than prolific offending and modifiable risk factors such as drug use were not examined by this study. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2015. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Issue Paper no. 112: Accessed January 27, 2016 at: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/BB/Report-2016-Characteristics-of-prolific-offenders-in-NSW-bb112.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/BB/Report-2016-Characteristics-of-prolific-offenders-in-NSW-bb112.pdf Shelf Number: 137687 Keywords: Career CriminalsProlific OffendersRepeat Offenders |
Author: United States Sentencing Commission Title: Report to the Congress: Career Offender Sentencing Enhancements Summary: This report provides a broad overview of several key findings of the United States Sentencing Commission's multi-year study of statutory and guideline definitions relating to the nature of a defendant's prior conviction (e.g., "crime of violence," "violent felony," "drug trafficking offense," and "felony drug offense") and the impact of such definitions on the relevant statutory and guideline provisions (e.g., the career offender guideline and the Armed Career Criminal Act). The report begins by providing background on the career offender directive and the resulting career offender guideline. It also provides sentencing and recidivism data concerning career offenders, including data demonstrating the substantial impact the directive and the career offender guideline have on the resulting sentencing range. The report concludes by recommending statutory changes, including changes that would better tailor the significantly enhanced penalties required for career offenders. A more targeted approach in this area would account for differences among current career offenders and would result in sentences that are more proportional. Details: Washington, DC: The Sentencing Commission, 2016. 103p. Source: http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/news/congressional-testimony-and-reports/criminal-history/201607_RtC-Career-Offenders.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/news/congressional-testimony-and-reports/criminal-history/201607_RtC-Career-Offenders.pdf Shelf Number: 140476 Keywords: Career CriminalsSentencingSentencing Guidelines |
Author: Wan, Wai Yin Title: Violent Criminal Careers: A retrospective longitudinal study Summary: Aims: To determine: (1) the long-term risk that someone charged with a violent offence will commit another violent offence (2) what factors influence the likelihood of desistance and the length of time to the next violent offence for those who do re-offend. Method: All 26,472 offenders who were born between 1986 and 1990 (inclusive) and who had at least one violent offence proved against them in New South Wales (NSW) before December 31st, 2014 were followed up to December 31st, 2015. An offence was counted as proved if at the index contact it resulted in a caution, a youth justice conference or proven court appearance. The mean follow-up time for offenders in the study was 6.35 years (range = 21.3 years; interquartile range = 4.7 years). Bivariate correlates of time to re-offend were identified using log-rank tests. Multivariate analysis of survival time was undertaken using a cure fraction model with a loglogistic distribution of survival time. Results: In the median case, after 20 years, an estimated 23 per cent of violent offenders committed a further violent offence. However the risk of violent re-offending varies greatly across different offender groups, being much higher for Indigenous offenders, those who were aged 17 and under at the time of their index contact and those whose first contact with the criminal justice system occurred when they were 12 years of age or younger. There is little evidence of specialisation among violent offenders in the sample. Most have committed a wide variety of different offences prior to their conviction for a violent offence and those who do re-offend commit a wide variety of offences. Conclusion: Authorities charged with responsibility for making bail, sentencing and parole decisions in relation to violent offenders need to pay close attention to the characteristics of the violent offenders they are dealing with. Evaluations of violent offender programs should include both short-term and long-term follow up. Prison is not a very effective instrument through which to reduce violent offending. Details: Sydney: NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, 2016. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice, no. 198: Accessed October 19, 2016 at: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/CJB/Report-2016-Violent-Criminal-Careers-A-retrospective-longitudinal-study-cjb198.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Documents/CJB/Report-2016-Violent-Criminal-Careers-A-retrospective-longitudinal-study-cjb198.pdf Shelf Number: 145381 Keywords: Career CriminalsRe-offendingRecidivismViolenceViolent CrimeViolent Offenders |
Author: Miceli, Thomas J. Title: Deterrence and Incapacitation: Towards a Unified Theory of Criminal Punishment Summary: Economic models of crime have focused primarily on the goal of deterrence; the goal of incapacitation has received much less attention. This paper adapts the standard deterrence model to incorporate incapacitation. When prison only is used, incapacitation can result in a longer or a shorter optimal prison term compared to the deterrence-only model. It is longer if there is underdeterrence, and shorter if there is over-deterrence. In contrast, when a fine is available and it is not constrained by the offender-s wealth, the optimal prison term is zero. Since the fine achieves first-best deterrence, only efficient crimes are committed and hence, there is no gain from incapacitation. Details: Storrs, CT: University of Connecticut, 2009. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Economics Working Paper, 2009-11: Accessed December 7, 2017 at: http://opencommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1255&context=econ_wpapers Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://opencommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1255&context=econ_wpapers Shelf Number: 148753 Keywords: Career CriminalsDeterrence Incapacitation Punishment |
Author: Slade, Gavin Title: Mafia and Anti-Mafia in the Republic of Georgia: Criminal Resilience and Adaptation Since the Collapse of Communism Summary: 'Thieves-in-law' (vory-v-zakone in Russian or kanonieri qurdebi in Georgian) are career criminals belonging to a criminal fraternity that has existed at least since the 1930s in the Soviet Gulag. These actors still exist in one form or another in post-Soviet countries and have integrated into transnational organised criminal networks. For reasons yet to be explicated, thieves-in-law became exceptionally prevalent in the Soviet republic of Georgia. Here, by the 1990s, they formed a mafia network where this means criminal associations that attempt to monopolize protection in legal and illegal sectors of the economy. In 2005, Mikhail Saakashvili, the current president of Georgia claimed that 'in the past 15 years...Georgia was not ruled by [former President] Shevardnadze, but by thieves-in-law.' Directly transferring anti-organised crime policy from Italy and America, Saakashvili's government made reform of the criminal justice system generally and an attack on the thieves-in-law specifically a cornerstone of the Rose Revolution. New legislation criminalises the possession of the status of 'thief-in-law' and of membership of criminal associations that constitute what is known as the 'thieves’ world' (qurduli samkaro). Along with a sweeping reform of the police and prisons and a 'culture of lawfulness' campaign, Georgian criminal justice reforms since 2003 may be seen as the first sustained anti-mafia policy to be implemented in a post-Soviet country. It also appears to have been very successful. The longevity and sudden decline of the thieves-in-law in Georgia provides the main questions that the following study addresses: How do we account for changes in the levels of resilience to state attack of actors carrying the elite criminal status of 'thief-in-law'? How has this resilience been so effectively compromised since 2005? Utilising unique access to primary sources of data such as police files, court cases, archives and expert interviews this thesis studies the dynamics of changing mafia activities, recruitment practices, and structural forms of a criminal group as it relates to changes in the environment and, in particular, the recent anti-organised crime policy. Details: Oxford, UK: St. Antony's College, Oxford University, 2011. 339p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed October 23, 2018 at: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:1a0fdb4a-a671-4675-840d-dea296bc5272/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=THESIS01&type_of_work=Thesis Year: 2011 Country: Georgia URL: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/catalog/uuid:1a0fdb4a-a671-4675-840d-dea296bc5272/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=THESIS01&type_of_work=Thesis Shelf Number: 153065 Keywords: Career CriminalsCriminal NetworksMafiaOrganized Crime |
Author: Walker, Samantha Title: Characteristics of Chronic Offenders in Victoria Summary: Previous Crime Statistics Agency analysis of reoffending has focused on youth. This fact sheet examined the offending frequency of alleged offenders of all ages recorded in the 10 years to 30 June 2017, and explored the characteristics of those who were chronic offenders during the study period (more than 10 alleged offender incidents) compared with those who offended less frequently. Key findings include: - Of all alleged offenders, 6.3% were chronic offenders and were responsible for 43.9% of the recorded offender incidents during the 10-year period. - People aged under 25 years (at the time their first offender incident was recorded during the 10-year period) made up more than half (54.2%) of all chronic offenders. - The majority of chronic offenders were male (83.3%) and were born in Australia (84.3%). - The most commonly recorded offence type for chronic offenders was non-aggravated burglary, followed by stealing from a retail store. - The most commonly recorded police outcome for chronic offenders was arrest. Details: Melbourne, Australia: Crime Statistics Agency, 2018. 3p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2019 at: https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/embridge_cache/emshare/original/public/2018/04/69/f9d1461ef/Crime%20Statistics%20Agency%20-%20In%20Fact%207%20-%20Characteristics%20of%20chronic%20offenders.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Australia URL: https://www.crimestatistics.vic.gov.au/research-and-evaluation/publications/reoffending/characteristics-of-chronic-offenders-in-victoria Shelf Number: 154357 Keywords: AustraliaBurglaryCareer CriminalsChronic OffendersMale CriminalsOffenders |